The robustness of the timetable is a sensitive issue in the daily realization of railway operations. As shown in the paper. robustness is a function of time reserves that helps to prevent unscheduled stops resulting from traffic disruptions and causing a higher energy consumption. The correct handling of time reserves while scheduling is a multidimensional issue. https://www.ashleyshomestores.shop/product-category/4-piece-laf-reclining-sectional/